Questions

Questions and Answers

22.1.1: Which version of MySQL is production-ready (GA)?

Currently, both MySQL 5.0 and MySQL 5.1 are supported for production use.

MySQL 5.0 achieved General Availability (GA) status with MySQL 5.0.15, which was released for production use on 19 October 2005.

MySQL 5.1 achieved General Availability (GA) status with MySQL 5.1.30, which was released for production use on 14 November 2008.

Development work on MySQL 5.4 has started; currently, MySQL 5.4 is in beta status.

Development work on MySQL 5.5 has started; currently, MySQL 5.5 is in beta status.

Development work on MySQL 6.0 has started; currently, MySQL 6.0 is in alpha status.

22.1.2: Can MySQL 5.0 do subqueries?

Yes. See Section 12.2.9, “Subquery Syntax”.

22.1.3: Can MySQL 5.0 perform multiple-table inserts, updates, and deletes?

Yes. For the syntax required to perform multiple-table updates, see Section 12.2.11, “UPDATE Syntax”; for that required to perform multiple-table deletes, see Section 12.2.2, “DELETE Syntax”.

A multiple-table insert can be accomplished using a trigger whose FOR EACH ROW clause contains multiple INSERT statements within a BEGIN ... END block. See Section 18.3, “Using Triggers”.

22.1.4: Does MySQL 5.0 have a Query Cache? Does it work on Server, Instance or Database?

Yes. The query cache operates on the server level, caching complete result sets matched with the original query string. If an exactly identical query is made (which often happens, particularly in web applications), no parsing or execution is necessary; the result is sent directly from the cache. Various tuning options are available. See Section 7.5.5, “The MySQL Query Cache”.

22.1.5: Does MySQL 5.0 have Sequences?

No. However, MySQL has an AUTO_INCREMENT system, which in MySQL 5.0 can also handle inserts in a multi-master replication setup. With the auto_increment_increment and auto_increment_offset system variables, you can set each server to generate auto-increment values that don't conflict with other servers. The auto_increment_increment value should be greater than the number of servers, and each server should have a unique offset.

22.1.6: Does MySQL 5.0 have a NOW() function with fractions of seconds?

No. This is on the MySQL roadmap as a “rolling feature”. This means that it is not a flagship feature, but will be implemented, development time permitting. Specific customer demand may change this scheduling.

However, MySQL does parse time strings with a fractional component. See Section 10.3.2, “The TIME Type”.

22.1.7: Does MySQL 5.0 work with multi-core processors?

Yes. MySQL is fully multi-threaded, and will make use of multiple CPUs, provided that the operating system supports them.

22.1.8: Why do I see multiple processes for mysqld?

When using LinuxThreads, you should see a minimum of three mysqld processes running. These are in fact threads. There is one thread for the LinuxThreads manager, one thread to handle connections, and one thread to handle alarms and signals.

22.1.9: Is there a hot backup tool for MyISAM like InnoDB Hot Backup?

This is currently under development for a future MySQL release.

22.1.10: Have there been there any improvements in error reporting when foreign keys fail? Does MySQL now report which column and reference failed?

The foreign key support in InnoDB has seen improvements in each major version of MySQL. Foreign key support generic to all storage engines is scheduled for MySQL 6.x; this should resolve any inadequacies in the current storage engine specific implementation.

22.1.11: Can MySQL 5.0 perform ACID transactions?

Yes. All current MySQL versions support transactions. The InnoDB storage engine offers full ACID transactions with row-level locking, multi-versioning, nonlocking repeatable reads, and all four SQL standard isolation levels.

The NDB storage engine supports the READ COMMITTED transaction isolation level only.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.2.1: What are the unique benefits of the ARCHIVE storage engine?

The ARCHIVE storage engine is ideally suited for storing large amounts of data without indexes; it has a very small footprint, and performs selects using table scans. See Section 13.8, “The ARCHIVE Storage Engine”, for details.

22.2.2: Do the new features in MySQL 5.0 apply to all storage engines?

The general new features such as views, stored procedures, triggers, INFORMATION_SCHEMA, precision math (DECIMAL column type), and the BIT column type, apply to all storage engines. There are also additions and changes for specific storage engines.

22.2.3: Have any storage engines been removed in MySQL 5.0?

Yes. MySQL 5.0 no longer supports the ISAM storage engine. If you have any existing ISAM tables from previous versions of MySQL, you should convert these to MyISAM before upgrading to MySQL 5.0.

22.2.4: Where can I obtain complete documentation for MySQL storage engines?

See Chapter 13, Storage Engines. That chapter contains information about all MySQL storage engines except for the NDB storage engine used for MySQL Cluster; NDB is covered in Chapter 17, MySQL Cluster.

22.2.5: Are there any new storage engines in MySQL 5.0?

Yes. The FEDERATED storage engine, new in MySQL 5.0, allows the server to access tables on other (remote) servers. See Section 13.7, “The FEDERATED Storage Engine”.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.3.1: Is the mode dependent on the database or connection?

A mode is not linked to a particular database. Modes can be set locally to the session (connection), or globally for the server. you can change these settings using SET [GLOBAL|SESSION] sql_mode='modes'.

22.3.2: What is the default server SQL mode when My SQL 5.0 is installed?

By default, no special modes are enabled. See Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”, for information about all available modes and MySQL's default behavior.

22.3.3: Does strict mode impact performance?

The intensive validation of input data that some settings requires more time than if the validation is not done. While the performance impact is not that great, if you do not require such validation (perhaps your application already handles all of this), then MySQL gives you the option of leaving strict mode disabled. However — if you do require it — strict mode can provide such validation.

22.3.4: Can the rules for strict mode be extended?

When we refer to strict mode, we mean a mode where at least one of the modes TRADITIONAL, STRICT_TRANS_TABLES, or STRICT_ALL_TABLES is enabled. Options can be combined, so you can add additional restrictions to a mode. See Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”, for more information.

22.3.5: How do you determine the server SQL mode?

You can set the default SQL mode (for mysqld startup) with the --sql-mode option. Using the statement SET [GLOBAL|SESSION] sql_mode='modes', you can change the settings from within a connection, either locally to the connection, or to take effect globally. You can retrieve the current mode by issuing a SELECT @@sql_mode statement.

22.3.6: How many server SQL modes are there?

Each mode can be independently switched on and off. See Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”, for a complete list of available modes.

22.3.7: What are server SQL modes?

Server SQL modes define what SQL syntax MySQL should support and what kind of data validation checks it should perform. This makes it easier to use MySQL in different environments and to use MySQL together with other database servers. The MySQL Server apply these modes individually to different clients. For more information, see Section 5.1.7, “Server SQL Modes”.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.4.1: How do you manage stored routines?

It is always good practice to use a clear naming scheme for your stored routines. You can manage stored procedures with CREATE [FUNCTION|PROCEDURE], ALTER [FUNCTION|PROCEDURE], DROP [FUNCTION|PROCEDURE], and SHOW CREATE [FUNCTION|PROCEDURE]. You can obtain information about existing stored procedures using the ROUTINES table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database (see Section 19.14, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table”).

22.4.2: Does MySQL 5.0 support stored procedures and functions?

Yes. MySQL 5.0 supports two types of stored routines — stored procedures and stored functions.

22.4.3: Can I print out a variable's value within a stored routine for debugging purposes?

Yes, you can do this in a stored procedure, but not in a stored function. If you perform an ordinary SELECT inside a stored procedure, the result set is returned directly to the client. You will need to use the MySQL 4.1 (or above) client-server protocol for this to work. This means that — for instance — in PHP, you need to use the mysqli extension rather than the old mysql extension.

22.4.4: Can a stored procedure call a trigger?

A stored procedure can execute an SQL statement, such as an UPDATE, that causes a trigger to activate.

22.4.5: Where can I find documentation for MySQL stored procedures and stored functions?

See Section 18.2, “Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions)”.

22.4.6: Can I return a cursor as an OUT parameter from a stored procedure?

In MySQL 5.0, cursors are available inside stored procedures only. However, if you do not open a cursor on a SELECT, the result will be sent directly to the client. You can also SELECT INTO variables. See Section 12.2.8, “SELECT Syntax”.

22.4.7: How are actions that take place inside stored procedures and functions replicated?

MySQL records each DML event that occurs in a stored procedure and replicates those individual actions to a slave server. The actual calls made to execute stored procedures are not replicated.

Stored functions that change data are logged as function invocations, not as the DML events that occur inside each function.

22.4.8: Is there a MySQL equivalent to using mod_plsql as a gateway on Apache to talk directly to a stored procedure in the database?

There is no equivalent in MySQL 5.0.

22.4.9: Is WITH RECOMPILE supported for stored procedures?

Not in MySQL 5.0.

22.4.10: Are there special security requirements for using stored procedures and functions together with replication?

Yes. Because a slave server has authority to execute any statement read from a master's binary log, special security constraints exist for using stored functions with replication. If replication or binary logging in general (for the purpose of point-in-time recovery) is active, then MySQL DBAs have two security options open to them:

22.4.11: What limitations exist for replicating stored procedure and function actions?

Nondeterministic (random) or time-based actions embedded in stored procedures may not replicate properly. By their very nature, randomly produced results are not predictable and cannot be exactly reproduced, and therefore, random actions replicated to a slave will not mirror those performed on a master. Note that declaring stored functions to be DETERMINISTIC or setting the log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 0 will not allow random-valued operations to be invoked.

In addition, time-based actions cannot be reproduced on a slave because the timing of such actions in a stored procedure is not reproducible through the binary log used for replication. It records only DML events and does not factor in timing constraints.

Finally, nontransactional tables for which errors occur during large DML actions (such as bulk inserts) may experience replication issues in that a master may be partially updated from DML activity, but no updates are done to the slave because of the errors that occurred. A workaround is for a function's DML actions to be carried out with the IGNORE keyword so that updates on the master that cause errors are ignored and updates that do not cause errors are replicated to the slave.

22.4.12: Is it possible to group stored procedures or stored functions into packages?

No. This is not supported in MySQL 5.0.

22.4.13: Can MySQL 5.0 stored routines return result sets?

Stored procedures can, but stored functions cannot. If you perform an ordinary SELECT inside a stored procedure, the result set is returned directly to the client. You need to use the MySQL 4.1 (or above) client-server protocol for this to work. This means that — for instance — in PHP, you need to use the mysqli extension rather than the old mysql extension.

22.4.14: Where can I find the ANSI SQL 2003 specification for stored procedures?

Unfortunately, the official specifications are not freely available (ANSI makes them available for purchase). However, there are books — such as SQL-99 Complete, Really by Peter Gulutzan and Trudy Pelzer — which give a comprehensive overview of the standard, including coverage of stored procedures.

22.4.15: Is there a way to view all stored procedures and stored functions in a given database?

Yes. For a database named dbname, use this query on the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROUTINES table:

SELECT ROUTINE_TYPE, ROUTINE_NAME
    FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ROUTINES
    WHERE ROUTINE_SCHEMA='dbname';

For more information, see Section 19.14, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table”.

The body of a stored routine can be viewed using SHOW CREATE FUNCTION (for a stored function) or SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE (for a stored procedure). See Section 12.5.5.8, “SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE Syntax”, for more information.

22.4.16: Do MySQL 5.0 stored procedures and functions work with replication?

Yes, standard actions carried out in stored procedures and functions are replicated from a master MySQL server to a slave server. There are a few limitations that are described in detail in Section 18.5, “Binary Logging of Stored Programs”.

22.4.17: Can I pass an array as input to a stored procedure?

Not in MySQL 5.0.

22.4.18: Can a stored procedure access tables?

Yes. A stored procedure can access one or more tables as required.

22.4.19: Are stored procedures and functions created on a master server replicated to a slave?

Yes, creation of stored procedures and functions carried out through normal DDL statements on a master server are replicated to a slave, so the objects will exist on both servers. ALTER and DROP statements for stored procedures and functions are also replicated.

22.4.20: Can I pass a cursor as an IN parameter to a stored procedure?

In MySQL 5.0, cursors are available inside stored procedures only.

22.4.21: Can a stored procedure call another stored procedure?

Yes.

22.4.22: Do stored procedures have a statement for raising application errors?

Not in MySQL 5.0. The SQL standard SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statements are implemented in MySQL 5.5.

22.4.23: Do the preceding limitations affect MySQL's ability to do point-in-time recovery?

The same limitations that affect replication do affect point-in-time recovery.

22.4.24: Is there a discussion forum for MySQL stored procedures?

Yes. See http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?98.

22.4.25: Do stored procedures provide exception handling?

MySQL implements HANDLER definitions according to the SQL standard. See Section 12.8.4.2, “DECLARE for Handlers”, for details.

22.4.26: What is being done to correct the aforementioned limitations?

MySQL 5.1 implements row-based replication, which resolves the limitations mentioned earlier.

We do not plan to backport row-based replication to MySQL 5.0. For additional information, see Replication Formats, in the MySQL 5.1 Manual.

22.4.27: Where are stored procedures stored?

In the proc table of the mysql system database. However, you should not access the tables in the system database directly. Instead, use SHOW CREATE FUNCTION to obtain information about stored functions, and SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE to obtain information about stored procedures. See Section 12.5.5.8, “SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE Syntax”, for more information about these statements.

You can also query the ROUTINES table in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database — see Section 19.14, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table”, for information about this table.

22.4.28: Can I commit or roll back transactions inside a stored procedure?

Yes. However, you cannot perform transactional operations within a stored function.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.5.1: Can a trigger call a stored procedure?

Yes.

22.5.2: Does MySQL 5.0 have statement-level or row-level triggers?

In MySQL 5.0, all triggers are FOR EACH ROW — that is, the trigger is activated for each row that is inserted, updated, or deleted. MySQL 5.0 does not support triggers using FOR EACH STATEMENT.

22.5.3: Is it possible for a trigger to update tables on a remote server?

Yes. A table on a remote server could be updated using the FEDERATED storage engine. (See Section 13.7, “The FEDERATED Storage Engine”).

22.5.4: How are triggers managed in MySQL?

In MySQL 5.0, triggers can be created using the CREATE TRIGGER statement, and dropped using DROP TRIGGER. See Section 12.1.11, “CREATE TRIGGER Syntax”, and Section 12.1.18, “DROP TRIGGER Syntax”, for more about these statements.

Information about triggers can be obtained by querying the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS table. See Section 19.16, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table”.

22.5.5: How are actions carried out through triggers on a master replicated to a slave?

First, the triggers that exist on a master must be re-created on the slave server. Once this is done, the replication flow works as any other standard DML statement that participates in replication. For example, consider a table EMP that has an AFTER insert trigger, which exists on a master MySQL server. The same EMP table and AFTER insert trigger exist on the slave server as well. The replication flow would be:

For more information, see Section 16.3.1.25, “Replication and Triggers”.

22.5.6: Where are triggers stored?

Triggers for a table are currently stored in .TRG files, with one such file one per table.

22.5.7: Are there any default triggers?

Not explicitly. MySQL does have specific special behavior for some TIMESTAMP columns, as well as for columns which are defined using AUTO_INCREMENT.

22.5.8: Where can I find the documentation for MySQL 5.0 triggers?

See Section 18.3, “Using Triggers”.

22.5.9: Is there a discussion forum for MySQL Triggers?

Yes. It is available at http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?99.

22.5.10: Can triggers access tables?

A trigger can access both old and new data in its own table. A trigger can also affect other tables, but it is not permitted to modify a table that is already being used (for reading or writing) by the statement that invoked the function or trigger. (Before MySQL 5.0.10, a trigger cannot modify other tables.)

22.5.11: Do triggers work with replication?

Triggers and replication in MySQL 5.0 work in the same way as in most other database systems: Actions carried out through triggers on a master are not replicated to a slave server. Instead, triggers that exist on tables that reside on a MySQL master server need to be created on the corresponding tables on any MySQL slave servers so that the triggers activate on the slaves as well as the master.

For more information, see Section 16.3.1.25, “Replication and Triggers”.

22.5.12: Is there a way to view all triggers in a given database?

Yes. You can obtain a listing of all triggers defined on database dbname using a query on the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS table such as the one shown here:

SELECT TRIGGER_NAME, EVENT_MANIPULATION, EVENT_OBJECT_TABLE, ACTION_STATEMENT
    FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS
    WHERE TRIGGER_SCHEMA='dbname';

For more information about this table, see Section 19.16, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table”.

You can also use the SHOW TRIGGERS statement, which is specific to MySQL. See Section 12.5.5.35, “SHOW TRIGGERS Syntax”.

22.5.13: Can triggers call an external application through a UDF?

Yes. For example, a trigger could invoke the sys_exec() UDF available at MySQL Forge here: http://forge.mysql.com/projects/project.php?id=211

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.6.1: Does MySQL 5.0 have table snapshots?

No.

22.6.2: Does MySQL 5.0 have materialized views?

No.

22.6.3: What happens to a view if an underlying table is dropped or renamed?

After a view has been created, it is possible to drop or alter a table or view to which the definition refers. To check a view definition for problems of this kind, use the CHECK TABLE statement. (See Section 12.5.2.3, “CHECK TABLE Syntax”.)

22.6.4: Is there a discussion forum for MySQL Views?

Yes. See http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?100

22.6.5: Where can I find documentation covering MySQL Views?

See Section 18.4, “Using Views”.

22.6.6: Can you insert into views that are based on joins?

It is possible, provided that your INSERT statement has a column list that makes it clear there is only one table involved.

You cannot insert into multiple tables with a single insert on a view.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.7.1: Where can I find documentation for the MySQL INFORMATION_SCHEMA database?

See Chapter 19, INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

22.7.2: Can I add to or otherwise modify the tables found in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database?

No. Since applications may rely on a certain standard structure, this should not be modified. For this reason, we cannot support bugs or other issues which result from modifying INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables or data.

22.7.3: Is there a discussion forum for INFORMATION_SCHEMA?

See http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?101.

22.7.4: Where can I find the ANSI SQL 2003 specification for INFORMATION_SCHEMA?

Unfortunately, the official specifications are not freely available. (ANSI makes them available for purchase.) However, there are books available — such as SQL-99 Complete, Really by Peter Gulutzan and Trudy Pelzer — which give a comprehensive overview of the standard, including INFORMATION_SCHEMA.

22.7.5: What is the difference between the Oracle Data Dictionary and MySQL's INFORMATION_SCHEMA?

Both Oracle and MySQL provide metadata in tables. However, Oracle and MySQL use different table names and column names. MySQL's implementation is more similar to those found in DB2 and SQL Server, which also support INFORMATION_SCHEMA as defined in the SQL standard.

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Questions and Answers

22.8.1: Where can I find information on how to migrate from MySQL 4.1 to MySQL 5.0?

For detailed upgrade information, see Section 2.18.1, “Upgrading MySQL”. Do not skip a major version when upgrading, but rather complete the process in steps, upgrading from one major version to the next in each step. This may seem more complicated, but it will you save time and trouble — if you encounter problems during the upgrade, their origin will be easier to identify, either by you or — if you have a MySQL Enterprise subscription — by MySQL support.

22.8.2: How has storage engine (table type) support changed in MySQL 5.0 from previous versions?

Storage engine support has changed as follows:

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.9.1: Does MySQL 5.0 have built-in authentication against LDAP directories?

No. Support for external authentication methods is on the MySQL roadmap as a “rolling feature”, which means that we plan to implement it in the future, but we have not yet determined when this will be done.

22.9.2: Does MySQL 5.0 have native support for SSL?

Most 5.0 binaries have support for SSL connections between the client and server. We can't currently build with the new YaSSL library everywhere, as it is still quite new and does not compile on all platforms yet. See Section 5.5.7, “Using SSL for Secure Connections”.

You can also tunnel a connection via SSH, if (for instance) if the client application doesn't support SSL connections. For an example, see Section 5.5.8, “Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH”.

22.9.3: Where can I find documentation that addresses security issues for MySQL?

The best place to start is Section 5.3, “General Security Issues”.

Other portions of the MySQL Documentation which you may find useful with regard to specific security concerns include the following:

MySQL Enterprise The MySQL Enterprise Monitor enforces best practices for maximizing the security of your servers. For more information, see http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

22.9.4: Is SSL support be built into MySQL binaries, or must I recompile the binary myself to enable it?

Most 5.0 binaries have SSL enabled for client-server connections that are secured, authenticated, or both. However, the YaSSL library currently does not compile on all platforms. See Section 5.5.7, “Using SSL for Secure Connections”, for a complete listing of supported and unsupported platforms.

22.9.5: Does MySQL 5.0 include support for Roles Based Access Control (RBAC)?

No. Support for roles is on the MySQL roadmap as a “rolling feature”, which means that we plan to implement it in the future, but we have not yet determined when this will be done.

In the following section, we answer questions that are frequently asked about MySQL Cluster and the NDBCLUSTER storage engine.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.10.1: How do I handle MySQL users in a MySQL Cluster having multiple MySQL servers?

MySQL user accounts and privileges are not automatically propagated between different MySQL servers accessing the same MySQL Cluster. Therefore, you must make sure that these are copied between the SQL nodes yourself. You can do this manually, or automate the task with scripts.

22.10.2: How much RAM do I need to use MySQL Cluster? Is it possible to use disk memory at all?

In MySQL 5.0, Cluster is in-memory only. This means that all table data (including indexes) is stored in RAM. Therefore, if your data takes up 1 GB of space and you want to replicate it once in the cluster, you need 2 GB of memory to do so (1 GB per replica). This is in addition to the memory required by the operating system and any applications running on the cluster computers.

If a data node's memory usage exceeds what is available in RAM, then the system will attempt to use swap space up to the limit set for DataMemory. However, this will at best result in severely degraded performance, and may cause the node to be dropped due to slow response time (missed heartbeats). We do not recommend on relying on disk swapping in a production environment for this reason. In any case, once the DataMemory limit is reached, any operations requiring additional memory (such as inserts) will fail.

We have implemented disk data storage for MySQL Cluster in MySQL 5.1 and later but we have no plans to add this capability in MySQL 5.0. See MySQL Cluster Disk Data Tables, for more information.

You can use the following formula for obtaining a rough estimate of how much RAM is needed for each data node in the cluster:

(SizeofDatabase ? NumberOfReplicas ? 1.1 ) / NumberOfDataNodes

To calculate the memory requirements more exactly requires determining, for each table in the cluster database, the storage space required per row (see Section 10.5, “Data Type Storage Requirements”, for details), and multiplying this by the number of rows. You must also remember to account for any column indexes as follows:

Note that creating MySQL Cluster tables with USING HASH for all primary keys and unique indexes will generally cause table updates to run more quickly — in some cases by a much as 20 to 30 percent faster than updates on tables where USING HASH was not used in creating primary and unique keys. This is due to the fact that less memory is required (because no ordered indexes are created), and that less CPU must be utilized (because fewer indexes must be read and possibly updated). However, it also means that queries that could otherwise use range scans must be satisfied by other means, which can result in slower selects.

When calculating Cluster memory requirements, you may find useful the ndb_size.pl utility which is available in recent MySQL 5.0 releases. This Perl script connects to a current (non-Cluster) MySQL database and creates a report on how much space that database would require if it used the NDBCLUSTER storage engine. For more information, see Section 17.4.19, “ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator”.

It is especially important to keep in mind that every MySQL Cluster table must have a primary key. The NDB storage engine creates a primary key automatically if none is defined; this primary key is created without USING HASH.

There is no easy way to determine exactly how much memory is being used for storage of Cluster indexes at any given time; however, warnings are written to the Cluster log when 80% of available DataMemory or IndexMemory is in use, and again when use reaches 85%, 90%, and so on.

22.10.3: Is MySQL Cluster transaction-safe? What isolation levels are supported?

Yes. For tables created with the NDB storage engine, transactions are supported. Currently, MySQL Cluster supports only the READ COMMITTED transaction isolation level.

22.10.4: How do I back up and restore a MySQL Cluster?

You can use the NDB native backup and restore functionality in the MySQL Cluster management client and the ndb_restore program. See Section 17.5.3, “Online Backup of MySQL Cluster”, and Section 17.4.15, “ndb_restore — Restore a MySQL Cluster Backup”.

You can also use the traditional functionality provided for this purpose in mysqldump and the MySQL server. See Section 4.5.4, “mysqldump — A Database Backup Program”, for more information.

22.10.5: How do I start and stop MySQL Cluster?

It is necessary to start each node in the cluster separately, in the following order:

Each of these commands must be run from a system shell on the machine housing the affected node. (You do not have to be physically present at the machine — a remote login shell can be used for this purpose.) You can verify that the cluster is running by starting the NDB management client ndb_mgm on the machine housing the management node and issuing the SHOW or ALL STATUS command.

To shut down a running cluster, issue the command SHUTDOWN in the management client. Alternatively, you may enter the following command in a system shell:

shell> ndb_mgm -e "SHUTDOWN"

(The quotation marks in this example are optional, since there are no spaces in the command string following the -e option; in addition, the SHUTDOWN command, like other management client commands, is not case-sensitive.)

Either of these commands causes the ndb_mgm, ndb_mgm, and any ndbd processes to terminate gracefully. MySQL servers running as SQL nodes can be stopped using mysqladmin shutdown.

For more information, see Section 17.5.2, “Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client”, and Section 17.2.5, “Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster”.

22.10.6: What is the difference between using MySQL Cluster vs using MySQL replication?

In traditional MySQL replication, a master MySQL server updates one or more slaves. Transactions are committed sequentially, and a slow transaction can cause the slave to lag behind the master. This means that if the master fails, it is possible that the slave might not have recorded the last few transactions. If a transaction-safe engine such as InnoDB is being used, a transaction will either be complete on the slave or not applied at all, but replication does not guarantee that all data on the master and the slave will be consistent at all times. In MySQL Cluster, all data nodes are kept in synchrony, and a transaction committed by any one data node is committed for all data nodes. In the event of a data node failure, all remaining data nodes remain in a consistent state.

In short, whereas standard MySQL replication is asynchronous, MySQL Cluster is synchronous.

We have implemented (asynchronous) replication for Cluster in MySQL 5.1 and later. MySQL Cluster Replication (also sometimes known as “geo-replication”) includes the capability to replicate both between two MySQL Clusters, and from a MySQL Cluster to a non-Cluster MySQL server. However, we do not plan to backport this functionality to MySQL 5.0. See MySQL Cluster Replication.

22.10.7: What are the hardware requirements for running MySQL Cluster?

MySQL Cluster should run on any platform for which NDB-enabled binaries are available. For data nodes and API nodes, faster CPUs and more memory are likely to improve performance, and 64-bit CPUs are likely to be more effective than 32-bit processors. There must be sufficient memory on machines used for data nodes to hold each node's share of the database (see How much RAM do I Need? for more information). For a computer which is used only for running the MySQL Cluster management server, the requirements are minimal; a common desktop PC (or the equivalent) is generally sufficient for this task. Nodes can communicate via the standard TCP/IP network and hardware. They can also use the high-speed SCI protocol; however, special networking hardware and software are required to use SCI (see Section 17.3.5, “Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster”).

22.10.8: Can I run MySQL Cluster nodes inside virtual machines (such as those created by VMWare, Parallels, or Xen)?

This is possible but not recommended for a production environment.

We have found that running MySQL Cluster processes inside a virtual machine can give rise to issues with timing and disk subsystems that have a strong negative impact on the operation of the cluster. The behavior of the cluster is often unpredictable in these cases.

If an issue can be reproduced outside the virtual environment, then we may be able to provide assistance. Otherwise, we cannot support it at this time.

22.10.9: Can I use host names with MySQL Cluster?

Yes, it is possible to use DNS and DHCP for cluster hosts. However, if your application requires “five nines” availability, you should use fixed (numeric) IP addresses, since making communication between Cluster hosts dependent on services such as DNS and DHCP introduces additional potential points of failure.

22.10.10: Can I run two data nodes on a single host? Two SQL nodes?

Yes, it is possible to do this. In the case of multiple data nodes, it is advisable (but not required) for each node to use a different data directory. If you want to run multiple SQL nodes on one machine, each instance of mysqld must use a different TCP/IP port. However, in MySQL 5.0, running more than one cluster node of a given type per machine is generally not encouraged or supported for production use.

We also advise against running data nodes and SQL nodes together on the same host, since the ndbd and mysqld processes may compete for memory.

22.10.11: In the event of a catastrophic failure — say, for instance, the whole city loses power and my UPS fails — would I lose all my data?

All committed transactions are logged. Therefore, although it is possible that some data could be lost in the event of a catastrophe, this should be quite limited. Data loss can be further reduced by minimizing the number of operations per transaction. (It is not a good idea to perform large numbers of operations per transaction in any case.)

22.10.12: How do I continue to send queries in the event that one of the SQL nodes fails?

MySQL Cluster does not provide any sort of automatic failover between SQL nodes. Your application must be prepared to handlethe loss of SQL nodes and to fail over between them.

22.10.13: How do cluster nodes communicate with one another?

Cluster nodes can communicate via any of three different transport mechanisms: TCP/IP, SHM (shared memory), and SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface). Where available, SHM is used by default between nodes residing on the same cluster host; however, this is considered experimental. SCI is a high-speed (1 gigabit per second and higher), high-availability protocol used in building scalable multi-processor systems; it requires special hardware and drivers. See Section 17.3.5, “Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster”, for more about using SCI as a transport mechanism for MySQL Cluster.

22.10.14: What do “NDB” and “NDBCLUSTER” mean?

“NDB” stands for “Network Database”. NDB and NDBCLUSTER are both names for the storage engine that enables clustering support in MySQL. While our developers prefer NDB, either name is correct; both names appear in our documentation, and either name can be used in the ENGINE option of a CREATE TABLE statement for creating a MySQL Cluster table.

22.10.15: Do I have to learn a new programming or query language to use MySQL Cluster?

No. Although some specialized commands are used to manage and configure the cluster itself, only standard (My)SQL statements are required for the following operations:

Some specialized configuration parameters and files are required to set up a MySQL Cluster — see Section 17.3.2, “MySQL Cluster Configuration Files”, for information about these.

A few simple commands are used in the MySQL Cluster management client (ndb_mgm) for tasks such as starting and stopping cluster nodes. See Section 17.5.2, “Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client”.

22.10.16: Do I need to do any special networking to run MySQL Cluster? How do computers in a cluster communicate?

MySQL Cluster is intended to be used in a high-bandwidth environment, with computers connecting via TCP/IP. Its performance depends directly upon the connection speed between the cluster's computers. The minimum connectivity requirements for MySQL Cluster include a typical 100-megabit Ethernet network or the equivalent. We recommend you use gigabit Ethernet whenever available.

The faster SCI protocol is also supported, but requires special hardware. See Section 17.3.5, “Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster”, for more information about SCI.

22.10.17: Which versions of the MySQL software support Cluster? Do I have to compile from source?

MySQL Cluster is supported in all server binaries in the 5.0 release series for operating systems on which MySQL Cluster is available. See Section 4.3.1, “mysqld — The MySQL Server”. You can determine whether your server has NDB support using either either of the statements SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'have_%' or SHOW ENGINES.

Linux users should note that NDB is not included in the standard MySQL server RPMs. Beginning with MySQL 5.0.4, there are separate RPM packages for the NDB storage engine and accompanying management and other tools; see the NDB RPM Downloads section of the MySQL 5.0 Downloads page for these. (Prior to 5.0.4, you had to use the -max binaries supplied as .tar.gz archives. This is still possible, but is not required, so you can use your Linux distribution's RPM manager if you prefer.)

You can also obtain NDB support by compiling MySQL from source, but it is not necessary to do so simply to use MySQL Cluster. To download the latest binary, RPM, or source distribution in the MySQL 5.0 series, visit http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.0.html.

However, you should use MySQL NDB Cluster NDB 6.3 or 7.0 for new deployments, and if you are already using MySQL 5.0 with clustering support, to upgrade to one of these MySQL Cluster release series. For an overview of improvements made in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3 and 7.0, see MySQL Cluster Development in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3, and MySQL Cluster Development in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.0, respectively.

22.10.18: When I run the SHOW command in the MySQL Cluster management client, I see a line of output that looks like this:

id=2    @10.100.10.32  (Version: 5.0.91, Nodegroup: 0, Master)

What is a “master node”, and what does it do? How do I configure a node so that it is the master?

The simplest answer is, “It's not something you can control, and it's nothing that you need to worry about in any case, unless you're a software engineer writing or analyzing the MySQL Cluster source code”.

If you don't find that answer satisfactory, here's a longer and more technical version:

A number of mechanisms in MySQL Cluster require distributed coordination among the data nodes. These distributed algorithms and protocols include global checkpointing, DDL (schema) changes, and node restart handling. To make this coordination simpler, the data nodes “elect” one of their number to be a “master”. There is no user-facing mechanism for influencing this selection, which is is completely automatic; the fact that it is automatic is a key part of MySQL Cluster's internal architecture.

When a node acts as a master for any of these mechanisms, it is usually the point of coordination for the activity, and the other nodes act as “servants”, carrying out their parts of the activity as directed by the master. If the node acting as master fails, then the remaining nodes elect a new master. Tasks in progress that were being coordinated by the old master may either fail or be continued by the new master, depending on the actual mechanism involved.

It is possible for some of these different mechanisms and protocols to have different master nodes, but in general the same master is chosen for all of them. The node indicated as the master in the output of SHOW in the management client is actually the DICT master (see The DBDICT Block, in the MySQL Cluster API Developer Guide, for more information), responsible for coordinating DDL and metadata activity.

MySQL Cluster is designed in such a way that the choice of master has no discernable effect outside the cluster itself. For example, the current master does not have significantly higher CPU or resource usage than the other data nodes, and failure of the master should not have a significantly different impact on the cluster than the failure of any other data node.

22.10.19: MySQL Cluster uses TCP/IP. Does this mean that I can run it over the Internet, with one or more nodes in remote locations?

It is very unlikely that a cluster would perform reliably under such conditions, as MySQL Cluster was designed and implemented with the assumption that it would be run under conditions guaranteeing dedicated high-speed connectivity such as that found in a LAN setting using 100 Mbps or gigabit Ethernet — preferably the latter. We neither test nor warrant its performance using anything slower than this.

Also, it is extremely important to keep in mind that communications between the nodes in a MySQL Cluster are not secure; they are neither encrypted nor safeguarded by any other protective mechanism. The most secure configuration for a cluster is in a private network behind a firewall, with no direct access to any Cluster data or management nodes from outside. (For SQL nodes, you should take the same precautions as you would with any other instance of the MySQL server.) For more information, see Section 17.5.8, “MySQL Cluster Security Issues”.

22.10.20: How do I find out what an error or warning message means when using MySQL Cluster?

There are two ways in which this can be done:

22.10.21: What is an arbitrator?

If one or more data nodes in a cluster fail, it is possible that not all cluster data nodes will be able to “see” one another. In fact, it is possible that two sets of data nodes might become isolated from one another in a network partitioning, also known as a “split-brain” scenario. This type of situation is undesirable because each set of data nodes tries to behave as though it is the entire cluster. An arbitrator is required to decide between the competing sets of data nodes.

When all data nodes in at least one node group are alive, network partitioning is not an issue, because no single subset of the cluster can form a functional cluster on its own. The real problem arises when no single node group has all its nodes alive, in which case network partitioning (the “split-brain” scenario) becomes possible. Then an arbitrator is required. All cluster nodes recognize the same node as the arbitrator, which is normally the management server; however, it is possible to configure any of the MySQL Servers in the cluster to act as the arbitrator instead. The arbitrator accepts the first set of cluster nodes to contact it, and tells the remaining set to shut down. Arbitrator selection is controlled by the ArbitrationRank configuration parameter for MySQL Server and management server nodes. For more information about this parameter, see Section 17.3.2.4, “Defining a MySQL Cluster Management Server”.

The role of arbitrator does not in and of itself impose any heavy demands upon the host so designated, and thus the arbitrator host does not need to be particularly fast or to have extra memory especially for this purpose.

22.10.22: With which operating systems can I use Cluster?

MySQL Cluster is supported on most Unix-like operating systems, including Linux, Mac OS X, and Solaris. Beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.4, it is also possible to run MySQL Cluster on Windows platforms on an experimental basis; we hope to release a GA version for Windows in MySQL Cluster NDB 7.1.

We are continuing to work on providing MySQL Cluster support for additional platforms; eventually we intend to offer MySQL Cluster on all platforms for which MySQL itself is supported.

For more detailed information concerning the level of support which is offered for MySQL Cluster on various operating system versions, OS distributions, and hardware platforms, please refer to http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/cluster.html.

22.10.23: What is an “angel process”?

This process monitors and, if necessary, attempts to restart the data node process. If you check the list of active processes on your system after starting ndbd, you can see that there are actually 2 processes running by that name, as shown here (we omit the output from ndb_mgmd and ndbd for brevity):

shell> ./ndb_mgmd

shell> ps aux | grep ndb
me      23002  0.0  0.0 122948  3104 ?        Ssl  14:14   0:00 ./ndb_mgmd
me      23025  0.0  0.0   5284   820 pts/2    S+   14:14   0:00 grep ndb

shell> ./ndbd -c 127.0.0.1 --initial

shell> ps aux | grep ndb
me      23002  0.0  0.0 123080  3356 ?        Ssl  14:14   0:00 ./ndb_mgmd
me      23096  0.0  0.0  35876  2036 ?        Ss   14:14   0:00 ./ndbd -c 127.0.0.1 --initial
me      23097  1.0  2.4 524116 91096 ?        Sl   14:14   0:00 ./ndbd -c 127.0.0.1 --initial
me      23168  0.0  0.0   5284   812 pts/2    R+   14:15   0:00 grep ndb

The ndbd process showing 0 memory and CPU usage is the angel process. It actually does use a very small amount of each, of course. It simply checks to see if the main ndbd process (the primary data node process that actually handles the data) is running. If permitted to do so (for example, if the StopOnError configuration parameter is set to false — see Section 17.3.3.1, “MySQL Cluster Data Node Configuration Parameters”), the angel process tries to restart the primary data node process.

22.10.24: Can I run multiple nodes on a single computer?

It is possible but not advisable. One of the chief reasons to run a cluster is to provide redundancy. To obtain the full benefits of this redundancy, each node should reside on a separate machine. If you place multiple nodes on a single machine and that machine fails, you lose all of those nodes. Given that MySQL Cluster can be run on commodity hardware loaded with a low-cost (or even no-cost) operating system, the expense of an extra machine or two is well worth it to safeguard mission-critical data. It also worth noting that the requirements for a cluster host running a management node are minimal. This task can be accomplished with a 300 MHz Pentium or equivalent CPU and sufficient RAM for the operating system, plus a small amount of overhead for the ndb_mgmd and ndb_mgm processes.

It is acceptable to run multiple cluster data nodes on a single host for learning about MySQL Cluster, or for testing purposes; however, this is not generally supported for production use.

22.10.25: What happens to MySQL Cluster data when the cluster is shut down?

The data that was held in memory by the cluster's data nodes is written to disk, and is reloaded into memory the next time that the cluster is started.

22.10.26: Is it a good idea to have more than one management node for a MySQL Cluster?

It can be helpful as a fail-safe. Only one management node controls the cluster at any given time, but it is possible to configure one management node as primary, and one or more additional management nodes to take over in the event that the primary management node fails.

See Section 17.3.2, “MySQL Cluster Configuration Files”, for information on how to configure MySQL Cluster management nodes.

22.10.27: What do the different computers do in a MySQL Cluster?

A MySQL Cluster has both a physical and logical organization, with computers being the physical elements. The logical or functional elements of a cluster are referred to as nodes, and a computer housing a cluster node is sometimes referred to as a cluster host. There are three types of nodes, each corresponding to a specific role within the cluster. These are:

22.10.28: Is it possible to use FULLTEXT indexes with MySQL Cluster?

FULLTEXT indexing is not supported by any storage engine other than MyISAM. We are working to add this capability to MySQL Cluster tables in a future release.

22.10.29: What file systems can I use with MySQL Cluster? What about network file systems or network shares?

Generally, any file system that is native to the host operating system should work well with MySQL Cluster. If you find that a given file system works particularly well (or not so especially well) with MySQL Cluster, we invite you to discuss your findings in the MySQL Cluster Forums.

We do not test MySQL Cluster with FAT or VFAT file systems on Linux. Because of this, and due to the fact that these are not very useful for any purpose other than sharing disk partitions between Linux and Windows operating systems on multi-boot computers, we do not recommend their use with MySQL Cluster.

MySQL Cluster is implemented as a shared-nothing solution; the idea behind this is that the failure of a single piece of hardware should not cause the failure of multiple cluster nodes, or possibly even the failure of the cluster as a whole. For this reason, the use of network shares or network file systems is not supported for MySQL Cluster. This also applies to shared storage devices such as SANs.

22.10.30: I am trying to populate a MySQL Cluster database. The loading process terminates prematurely and I get an error message like this one: ERROR 1114: The table 'my_cluster_table' is full Why is this happening?

The cause is very likely to be that your setup does not provide sufficient RAM for all table data and all indexes, including the primary key required by the NDB storage engine and automatically created in the event that the table definition does not include the definition of a primary key.

It is also worth noting that all data nodes should have the same amount of RAM, since no data node in a cluster can use more memory than the least amount available to any individual data node. For example, if there are four computers hosting Cluster data nodes, and three of these have 3GB of RAM available to store Cluster data while the remaining data node has only 1GB RAM, then each data node can devote at most 1GB to MySQL Cluster data and indexes.

22.10.31: Are there any limitations that I should be aware of when using MySQL Cluster?

Limitations on NDB tables in MySQL 5.0 include the following:

For a complete listing of limitations in MySQL Cluster, see Section 17.1.5, “Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster”. For information about limitations in MySQL Cluster 4.1 that are lifted in MySQL 5.0, see Section 17.1.5.10, “Previous MySQL Cluster Issues Resolved in MySQL 5.0”.

22.10.32: What storage engines are supported by MySQL Cluster?

Clustering with MySQL is supported only by the NDB storage engine. That is, in order for a table to be shared between nodes in a MySQL Cluster, the table must be created using ENGINE=NDB (or the equivalent option ENGINE=NDBCLUSTER).

It is possible to create tables using other storage engines (such as MyISAM or InnoDB) on a MySQL server being used with a MySQL Cluster, but these non-NDB tables do not participate in clustering; each such table is strictly local to the individual MySQL server instance on which it is created.

22.10.33: What data types are supported by MySQL Cluster?

In MySQL 5.0, MySQL Cluster supports all of the usual MySQL data types, including (beginning with MySQL 5.0.16) those associated with MySQL's spatial extensions; however, the NDB storage engine does not support spatial indexes. (Spatial indexes are supported only by MyISAM; see Section 11.12, “Spatial Extensions”, for more information.) In addition, there are some differences with regard to indexes when used with NDB tables.

See Section 17.1.5, “Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster”, for more information about these issues.

22.10.34: How do I import an existing MySQL database into a MySQL Cluster?

You can import databases into MySQL Cluster much as you would with any other version of MySQL. Other than the limitations mentioned elsewhere in this FAQ, the only other special requirement is that any tables to be included in the cluster must use the NDB storage engine. This means that the tables must be created with ENGINE=NDB or ENGINE=NDBCLUSTER.

It is also possible to convert existing tables that use other storage engines to NDBCLUSTER using one or more ALTER TABLE statement. However, the definition of the table must be compatible with the NDBCLUSTER storage engine prior to making the conversion. In MySQL 5.0, an additional workaround is also required; see Section 17.1.5, “Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster”, for details.

22.10.35: Can I add data nodes to a MySQL Cluster without restarting it?

Not in MySQL 5.0. While a rolling restart is all that is required for adding new management or API nodes to a MySQL Cluster (see Section 17.2.6.1, “Performing a Rolling Restart of a MySQL Cluster”), adding data nodes is more complex, and requires the following steps:

22.10.36: Can I mix different kinds of hardware and operating systems in one MySQL Cluster?

Yes, as long as all machines and operating systems have the same “endianness” (all big-endian or all little-endian). We are working to overcome this limitation in a future MySQL Cluster release.

It is also possible to use software from different MySQL Cluster releases on different nodes. However, we support this only as part of a rolling upgrade procedure (see Section 17.2.6.1, “Performing a Rolling Restart of a MySQL Cluster”).

22.10.37: How many computers do I need to run a MySQL Cluster, and why?

A minimum of three computers is required to run a viable cluster. However, the minimum recommended number of computers in a MySQL Cluster is four: one each to run the management and SQL nodes, and two computers to serve as data nodes. The purpose of the two data nodes is to provide redundancy; the management node must run on a separate machine to guarantee continued arbitration services in the event that one of the data nodes fails.

To provide increased throughput and high availability, you should use multiple SQL nodes (MySQL Servers connected to the cluster). It is also possible (although not strictly necessary) to run multiple management servers.

This set of Frequently Asked Questions derives from the experience of MySQL's Support and Development groups in handling many inquiries about CJK (Chinese-Japanese-Korean) issues.

Questions

Questions and Answers

22.11.1: I've upgraded to MySQL 5.0. How can I revert to behavior like that in MySQL 4.0 with regard to character sets?

In MySQL Version 4.0, there was a single “global” character set for both server and client, and the decision as to which character to use was made by the server administrator. This changed starting with MySQL Version 4.1. What happens now is a “handshake”, as described in Section 9.1.4, “Connection Character Sets and Collations”:

The effect of this is that you cannot control the client character set by starting mysqld with --character-set-server=utf8. However, some of our Asian customers have said that they prefer the MySQL 4.0 behavior. To make it possible to retain this behavior, we added a mysqld switch, --character-set-client-handshake, which can be turned off with --skip-character-set-client-handshake. If you start mysqld with --skip-character-set-client-handshake, then, when a client connects, it sends to the server the name of the character set that it wants to use — however, the server ignores this request from the client.

By way of example, suppose that your favorite server character set is latin1 (unlikely in a CJK area, but this is the default value). Suppose further that the client uses utf8 because this is what the client's operating system supports. Now, start the server with latin1 as its default character set:

mysqld --character-set-server=latin1

And then start the client with the default character set utf8:

mysql --default-character-set=utf8

The current settings can be seen by viewing the output of SHOW VARIABLES:

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'char%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                  |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                                   |
| character_set_connection | utf8                                   |
| character_set_database   | latin1                                 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                 |
| character_set_results    | utf8                                   |
| character_set_server     | latin1                                 |
| character_set_system     | utf8                                   |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/local/mysql/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

Now stop the client, and then stop the server using mysqladmin. Then start the server again, but this time tell it to skip the handshake like so:

mysqld --character-set-server=utf8 --skip-character-set-client-handshake

Start the client with utf8 once again as the default character set, then display the current settings:

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'char%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                  |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | latin1                                 |
| character_set_connection | latin1                                 |
| character_set_database   | latin1                                 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                 |
| character_set_results    | latin1                                 |
| character_set_server     | latin1                                 |
| character_set_system     | utf8                                   |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/local/mysql/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

As you can see by comparing the differing results from SHOW VARIABLES, the server ignores the client's initial settings if the --skip-character-set-client-handshake is used.

22.11.2: Why do I get Data truncated error messages?

For illustration, we'll create a table with one Unicode (ucs2) column and one Chinese (gb2312) column.

mysql> CREATE TABLE ch
    -> (ucs2 CHAR(3) CHARACTER SET ucs2,
    -> gb2312 CHAR(3) CHARACTER SET gb2312);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

We'll try to place the rare character ? in both columns.

mysql> INSERT INTO ch VALUES ('A?B','A?B');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

Ah, there is a warning. Use the following statement to see what it is:

mysql> SHOW WARNINGS;
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
| Level   | Code | Message                                     |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1265 | Data truncated for column 'gb2312' at row 1 |
+---------+------+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

So it is a warning about the gb2312 column only.

mysql> SELECT ucs2,HEX(ucs2),gb2312,HEX(gb2312) FROM ch;
+-------+--------------+--------+-------------+
| ucs2  | HEX(ucs2)    | gb2312 | HEX(gb2312) |
+-------+--------------+--------+-------------+
| A?B | 00416C4C0042 | A?B    | 413F42      |
+-------+--------------+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

There are several things that need explanation here.

22.11.3: Why do some LIKE and FULLTEXT searches with CJK characters fail?

There is a very simple problem with LIKE searches on BINARY and BLOB columns: we need to know the end of a character. With multi-byte character sets, different characters might have different octet lengths. For example, in utf8, A requires one byte but ? requires three bytes, as shown here:

+-------------------------+---------------------------+
| OCTET_LENGTH(_utf8 'A') | OCTET_LENGTH(_utf8 '?') |
+-------------------------+---------------------------+
|                       1 |                         3 |
+-------------------------+---------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

If we don't know where the first character ends, then we don't know where the second character begins, in which case even very simple searches such as LIKE '_A%' fail. The solution is to use a regular CJK character set in the first place, or to convert to a CJK character set before comparing.

This is one reason why MySQL cannot allow encodings of nonexistent characters. If it is not strict about rejecting bad input, then it has no way of knowing where characters end.

For FULLTEXT searches, we need to know where words begin and end. With Western languages, this is rarely a problem because most (if not all) of these use an easy-to-identify word boundary — the space character. However, this is not usually the case with Asian writing. We could use arbitrary halfway measures, like assuming that all Han characters represent words, or (for Japanese) depending on changes from Katakana to Hiragana due to grammatical endings. However, the only sure solution requires a comprehensive word list, which means that we would have to include a dictionary in the server for each Asian language supported. This is simply not feasible.

22.11.4: Why does my GUI front end or browser not display CJK characters correctly in my application using Access, PHP, or another API?

Obtain a direct connection to the server using the mysql client (Windows: mysql.exe), and try the same query there. If mysql responds correctly, then the trouble may be that your application interface requires initialization. Use mysql to tell you what character set or sets it uses with the statement SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'char%';. If you are using Access, then you are most likely connecting with MyODBC. In this case, you should check Section 20.1.4, “Connector/ODBC Configuration”. If, for instance, you use big5, you would enter SET NAMES 'big5'. (Note that no ; is required in this case). If you are using ASP, you might need to add SET NAMES in the code. Here is an example that has worked in the past:

<%
Session.CodePage=0
Dim strConnection
Dim Conn
strConnection="driver={MySQL ODBC 3.51 Driver};server=server;uid=username;" \
               & "pwd=password;database=database;stmt=SET NAMES 'big5';"
Set Conn = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
Conn.Open strConnection
%>

In much the same way, if you are using any character set other than latin1 with Connector/NET, then you must specify the character set in the connection string. See Section 20.2.5.1, “Connecting to MySQL Using Connector/NET”, for more information.

If you are using PHP, try this:

<?php
  $link = mysql_connect($host, $usr, $pwd);

  mysql_select_db($db);

  if( mysql_error() ) { print "Database ERROR: " . mysql_error(); }
  mysql_query("SET NAMES 'utf8'", $link);
?>

In this case, we used SET NAMES to change character_set_client and character_set_connection and character_set_results.

We encourage the use of the newer mysqli extension, rather than mysql. Using mysqli, the previous example could be rewritten as shown here:

<?php
  $link = new mysqli($host, $usr, $pwd, $db);

  if( mysqli_connect_errno() )
  {
    printf("Connect failed: %s\n", mysqli_connect_error());
    exit();
  }

  $link->query("SET NAMES 'utf8'");
?>

Another issue often encountered in PHP applications has to do with assumptions made by the browser. Sometimes adding or changing a <meta> tag suffices to correct the problem: for example, to insure that the user agent interprets page content as UTF-8, you should include <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> in the <head> of the HTML page.

If you are using Connector/J, see Section 20.3.4.4, “Using Character Sets and Unicode”.

22.11.5: Why do Japanese character set conversions fail?

MySQL supports the sjis, ujis, cp932, and eucjpms character sets, as well as Unicode. A common need is to convert between character sets. For example, there might be a Unix server (typically with sjis or ujis) and a Windows client (typically with cp932).

In the following conversion table, the ucs2 column represents the source, and the sjis, cp932, ujis, and eucjpms columns represent the destinations — that is, the last 4 columns provide the hexadecimal result when we use CONVERT(ucs2) or we assign a ucs2 column containing the value to an sjis, cp932, ujis, or eucjpms column.

Now consider the following portion of the table.

This means that MySQL converts the NOT SIGN (Unicode U+00AC) to sjis code point 0x81CA and to cp932 code point 3F. (3F is the question mark (“?”) — this is what is always used when the conversion cannot be performed.

22.11.6: Why are my supplementary characters rejected by MySQL?

Before MySQL 6.0.4, MySQL does not support supplementary characters — that is, characters which need more than 3 bytes — for UTF-8. We support only what Unicode calls the Basic Multilingual Plane / Plane 0. Only a few very rare Han characters are supplementary; support for them is uncommon. This has led to reports such as that found in Bug#12600, which we rejected as “not a bug”. With utf8, we must truncate an input string when we encounter bytes that we don't understand. Otherwise, we wouldn't know how long the bad multi-byte character is.

One possible workaround is to use ucs2 instead of utf8, in which case the “bad” characters are changed to question marks; however, no truncation takes place. You can also change the data type to BLOB or BINARY, which perform no validity checking.

As of MySQL 6.0.4, Unicode support is extended to include supplementary characters by means of additional Unicode character sets: utf16, utf32, and 4-byte utf8. These character sets support supplementary Unicode characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).

22.11.7: What should I do if I want to convert SJIS 81CA to cp932?

Our answer is: “?”. There are serious complaints about this: many people would prefer a “loose” conversion, so that 81CA (NOT SIGN) in sjis becomes 81CA (FULLWIDTH NOT SIGN) in cp932. We are considering a change to this behavior.

22.11.8: What problems should I be aware of when working with the Big5 Chinese character set?

MySQL supports the Big5 character set which is common in Hong Kong and Taiwan (Republic of China). MySQL's big5 is in reality Microsoft code page 950, which is very similar to the original big5 character set. We changed to this character set starting with MySQL version 4.1.16 / 5.0.16 (as a result of Bug#12476). For example, the following statements work in current versions of MySQL, but not in old versions:

mysql> CREATE TABLE big5 (BIG5 CHAR(1) CHARACTER SET BIG5);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO big5 VALUES (0xf9dc);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM big5;
+------+
| big5 |
+------+
| ?  |
+------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

A feature request for adding HKSCS extensions has been filed. People who need this extension may find the suggested patch for Bug#13577 to be of interest.

22.11.9: I have inserted CJK characters into my table. Why does SELECT display them as “?” characters?

This problem is usually due to a setting in MySQL that doesn't match the settings for the application program or the operating system. Here are some common steps for correcting these types of issues:

22.11.10: How does MySQL represent the Yen (?) sign?

A problem arises because some versions of Japanese character sets (both sjis and euc) treat 5C as a reverse solidus (\ — also known as a backslash), and others treat it as a yen sign (?).

MySQL follows only one version of the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) standard description. In MySQL, 5C is always the reverse solidus (\).

22.11.11: Why don't CJK strings sort correctly in Unicode? (I)

Sometimes people observe that the result of a utf8_unicode_ci or ucs2_unicode_ci search, or of an ORDER BY sort is not what they think a native would expect. Although we never rule out the possibility that there is a bug, we have found in the past that many people do not read correctly the standard table of weights for the Unicode Collation Algorithm. MySQL uses the table found at http://www.unicode.org/Public/UCA/4.0.0/allkeys-4.0.0.txt. This is not the first table you will find by navigating from the unicode.org home page, because MySQL uses the older 4.0.0 “allkeys” table, rather than the more recent 4.1.0 table. This is because we are very wary about changing ordering which affects indexes, lest we bring about situations such as that reported in Bug#16526, illustrated as follows:

mysql< CREATE TABLE tj (s1 CHAR(1) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO tj VALUES ('?'),('?');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> SELECT * FROM tj WHERE s1 = '?';
+------+
| s1   |
+------+
| ?  |
| ?  |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The character in the first result row is not the one that we searched for. Why did MySQL retrieve it? First we look for the Unicode code point value, which is possible by reading the hexadecimal number for the ucs2 version of the characters:

mysql> SELECT s1, HEX(CONVERT(s1 USING ucs2)) FROM tj;
+------+-----------------------------+
| s1   | HEX(CONVERT(s1 USING ucs2)) |
+------+-----------------------------+
| ?  | 304C                        |
| ?  | 304B                        |
+------+-----------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)

Now we search for 304B and 304C in the 4.0.0 allkeys table, and find these lines:

304B  ; [.1E57.0020.000E.304B] # HIRAGANA LETTER KA
304C  ; [.1E57.0020.000E.304B][.0000.0140.0002.3099] # HIRAGANA LETTER GA; QQCM

The official Unicode names (following the “#” mark) tell us the Japanese syllabary (Hiragana), the informal classification (letter, digit, or punctuation mark), and the Western identifier (KA or GA, which happen to be voiced and unvoiced components of the same letter pair). More importantly, the primary weight (the first hexadecimal number inside the square brackets) is 1E57 on both lines. For comparisons in both searching and sorting, MySQL pays attention to the primary weight only, ignoring all the other numbers. This means that we are sorting ? and ? correctly according to the Unicode specification. If we wanted to distinguish them, we'd have to use a non-UCA (Unicode Collation Algorithm) collation (utf8_bin or utf8_general_ci), or to compare the HEX() values, or use ORDER BY CONVERT(s1 USING sjis). Being correct “according to Unicode” isn't enough, of course: the person who submitted the bug was equally correct. We plan to add another collation for Japanese according to the JIS X 4061 standard, in which voiced/unvoiced letter pairs like KA/GA are distinguishable for ordering purposes.

22.11.12: Does MySQL allow CJK characters to be used in database and table names?

This issue is fixed in MySQL 5.1, by automatically rewriting the names of the corresponding directories and files.

For example, if you create a database named ? on a server whose operating system does not support CJK in directory names, MySQL creates a directory named @0w@00a5@00ae. which is just a fancy way of encoding E6A5AE — that is, the Unicode hexadecimal representation for the ? character. However, if you run a SHOW DATABASES statement, you can see that the database is listed as ?.

22.11.13: Shouldn't it be “CJKV”?

No. The term “CJKV” (Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese) refers to Vietnamese character sets which contain Han (originally Chinese) characters. MySQL has no plan to support the old Vietnamese script using Han characters. MySQL does of course support the modern Vietnamese script with Western characters.

Bug#4745 is a request for a specialized Vietnamese collation, which we might add in the future if there is sufficient demand for it.

22.11.14: Do MySQL plan to make a separate character set where 5C is the Yen sign, as at least one other major DBMS does?

This is one possible solution to the Yen sign issue; however, this will not happen in MySQL 5.1 or 6.0.

22.11.15: What CJK character sets are available in MySQL?

The list of CJK character sets may vary depending on your MySQL version. For example, the eucjpms character set was not supported prior to MySQL 5.0.3 (see Section C.1.89, “Changes in MySQL 5.0.3 (23 March 2005 Beta)”). However, since the name of the applicable language appears in the DESCRIPTION column for every entry in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS table, you can obtain a current list of all the non-Unicode CJK character sets using this query:

mysql> SELECT CHARACTER_SET_NAME, DESCRIPTION
    -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CHARACTER_SETS
    -> WHERE DESCRIPTION LIKE '%Chinese%'
    -> OR DESCRIPTION LIKE '%Japanese%'
    -> OR DESCRIPTION LIKE '%Korean%'
    -> ORDER BY CHARACTER_SET_NAME;
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DESCRIPTION               |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
| big5               | Big5 Traditional Chinese  |
| cp932              | SJIS for Windows Japanese |
| eucjpms            | UJIS for Windows Japanese |
| euckr              | EUC-KR Korean             |
| gb2312             | GB2312 Simplified Chinese |
| gbk                | GBK Simplified Chinese    |
| sjis               | Shift-JIS Japanese        |
| ujis               | EUC-JP Japanese           |
+--------------------+---------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.01 sec)

(See Section 19.9, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table”, for more information.)

MySQL supports the two common variants of the GB (Guojia Biaozhun, or National Standard, or Simplified Chinese) character sets which are official in the People's Republic of China: gb2312 and gbk. Sometimes people try to insert gbk characters into gb2312, and it works most of the time because gbk is a superset of gb2312 — but eventually they try to insert a rarer Chinese character and it doesn't work. (See Bug#16072 for an example).

Here, we try to clarify exactly what characters are legitimate in gb2312 or gbk, with reference to the official documents. Please check these references before reporting gb2312 or gbk bugs.

22.11.16: Why don't CJK strings sort correctly in Unicode? (II)

If you are using Unicode (ucs2 or utf8), and you know what the Unicode sort order is (see Section A.11, “MySQL 5.0 FAQ — MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Character Sets”), but MySQL still seems to sort your table incorrectly, then you should first verify the table character set:

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE t\G
******************** 1. row ******************
Table: t
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t` (
`s1` char(1) CHARACTER SET ucs2 DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Since the character set appears to be correct, let's see what information the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS table can provide about this column:

mysql> SELECT COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
    -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
    -> WHERE COLUMN_NAME = 's1'
    -> AND TABLE_NAME = 't';
+-------------+--------------------+-----------------+
| COLUMN_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | COLLATION_NAME  |
+-------------+--------------------+-----------------+
| s1          | ucs2               | ucs2_general_ci |
+-------------+--------------------+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

(See Section 19.3, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table”, for more information.)

You can see that the collation is ucs2_general_ci instead of ucs2_unicode_ci. The reason why this is so can be found using SHOW CHARSET, as shown here:

mysql> SHOW CHARSET LIKE 'ucs2%';
+---------+---------------+-------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description   | Default collation | Maxlen |
+---------+---------------+-------------------+--------+
| ucs2    | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci   |      2 |
+---------+---------------+-------------------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

For ucs2 and utf8, the default collation is “general”. To specify a Unicode collation, use COLLATE ucs2_unicode_ci.

22.11.17: Where can I get help with CJK and related issues in MySQL?

The following resources are available:

22.11.18: Where can I find translations of the MySQL Manual into Chinese, Japanese, and Korean?

A Simplified Chinese version of the Manual, current for MySQL 5.1.12, can be found at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/. The Japanese translation of the MySQL 4.1 manual can be downloaded from http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

22.11.19: How do I know whether character X is available in all character sets?

The majority of simplified Chinese and basic nonhalfwidth Japanese Kana characters appear in all CJK character sets. This stored procedure accepts a UCS-2 Unicode character, converts it to all other character sets, and displays the results in hexadecimal.

DELIMITER //

CREATE PROCEDURE p_convert(ucs2_char CHAR(1) CHARACTER SET ucs2)
BEGIN

CREATE TABLE tj
             (ucs2 CHAR(1) character set ucs2,
              utf8 CHAR(1) character set utf8,
              big5 CHAR(1) character set big5,
              cp932 CHAR(1) character set cp932,
              eucjpms CHAR(1) character set eucjpms,
              euckr CHAR(1) character set euckr,
              gb2312 CHAR(1) character set gb2312,
              gbk CHAR(1) character set gbk,
              sjis CHAR(1) character set sjis,
              ujis CHAR(1) character set ujis);

INSERT INTO tj (ucs2) VALUES (ucs2_char);

UPDATE tj SET utf8=ucs2,
              big5=ucs2,
              cp932=ucs2,
              eucjpms=ucs2,
              euckr=ucs2,
              gb2312=ucs2,
              gbk=ucs2,
              sjis=ucs2,
              ujis=ucs2;

/* If there is a conversion problem, UPDATE will produce a warning. */

SELECT hex(ucs2) AS ucs2,
       hex(utf8) AS utf8,
       hex(big5) AS big5,
       hex(cp932) AS cp932,
       hex(eucjpms) AS eucjpms,
       hex(euckr) AS euckr,
       hex(gb2312) AS gb2312,
       hex(gbk) AS gbk,
       hex(sjis) AS sjis,
       hex(ujis) AS ujis
FROM tj;

DROP TABLE tj;

END//

The input can be any single ucs2 character, or it can be the code point value (hexadecimal representation) of that character. For example, from Unicode's list of ucs2 encodings and names (http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt), we know that the Katakana character Pe appears in all CJK character sets, and that its code point value is 0x30da. If we use this value as the argument to p_convert(), the result is as shown here:

mysql> CALL p_convert(0x30da)//
+------+--------+------+-------+---------+-------+--------+------+------+------+
| ucs2 | utf8   | big5 | cp932 | eucjpms | euckr | gb2312 | gbk  | sjis | ujis |
+------+--------+------+-------+---------+-------+--------+------+------+------+
| 30DA | E3839A | C772 | 8379  | A5DA    | ABDA  | A5DA   | A5DA | 8379 | A5DA |
+------+--------+------+-------+---------+-------+--------+------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.04 sec)

Since none of the column values is 3F — that is, the question mark character (?) — we know that every conversion worked.

22.11.20: Of what issues should I be aware when working with Korean character sets in MySQL?

In theory, while there have been several versions of the euckr (Extended Unix Code Korea) character set, only one problem has been noted.

We use the “ASCII” variant of EUC-KR, in which the code point 0x5c is REVERSE SOLIDUS, that is \, instead of the “KS-Roman” variant of EUC-KR, in which the code point 0x5c is WON SIGN(?). This means that you cannot convert Unicode U+20A9 to euckr:

mysql> SELECT
    ->     CONVERT('?' USING euckr) AS euckr,
    ->     HEX(CONVERT('?' USING euckr)) AS hexeuckr;
+-------+----------+
| euckr | hexeuckr |
+-------+----------+
| ?     | 3F       |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL's graphic Korean chart is here: euckr.

For common questions, issues, and answers relating to the MySQL Connectors and other APIs, see the following areas of the Manual:

For answers to common queries and question regarding Replication within MySQL, see Section 16.3.4, “Replication FAQ”.